Vocabulary of the “Extra Reading” of Lesson 7:

1)      Everyday: ordinary, daily, typical or usual

That movie is about the everyday lives of working mothers.

(everyday clothes, problems, use, food)

2)      Vat: noun a large container used for mixing or storing liquid substances, especially in a factory:
a vat of wine/oil       /    The grapes are crushed in deep wooden vats.

3)      To spill: (spilled/spilled – spilt/spilt) to flow or allow something to flow from a container, especially accidentally and usually resulting in loss or waste

- Someone at the party spilled red wine on the carpet.  - Greg dropped a bag of sugar and it spilt all over the floor.

4)      Duel: a formal fight in the past, using guns or swords, arranged between two people as a way of deciding an argument: (It can be a verb as well: To duel)

- The two men fought a duel over the lady.

5)      Range: a number or set of different things belonging to the same general category or a variety of different things that something includes or can deal with

- The clinic provides a full range of medical services.

- Teachers have to deal with a wide range of students.

- That stores sells a wide range of cellphones.

6)      Preteen: The word preteen describes a child a bit younger than a teenager: perhaps between the ages of about 9 and 12.

  noun:   a preadolescent boy or girl (usually between 9 and 12 years of age) (Example: "Some teachers don´t like teaching preteens. ")

  adjective:   of or relating to or designed for children between the ages of 9 and 12 (Example: "A preteen party / preteen clothing")

7)      Ideal: (adjective) without fault; perfect, or the best possible. (an ideal candidate/solution/employer etc)

- In an ideal world, no one would go hungry.     /   - The book is ideal for children aged 4 to 6.

8)      Fortune: (wealth) a large amount of money, goods, property, etc (to cost a fortune, to make a fortune):

- Carol inherited a fortune from her grandmother.  -  Any painting by Picasso is worth a fortune.

9) Honour: 1 RESPECT [U] the quality of being honorable and having a good name (a quality that combines respect, pride and honesty. It comprises the reputation, self-perception or moral identity of an individual or of a group.):

- a man of honour / The soldiers fought for the honour of their country.

- Lula´s honour is at stake, since he hasn´t fulfilled people´s expectations.

10)      Devil: a) an evil being, often represented in human form but with a tail and horns. (This entity is also commonly referred to by a variety of names, including Satan, Lucifer, Mephistopheles and Beelzebub).

b) INFORMAL someone, especially a child, who behaves badly:

- My neighbors, who are young devils, have  broken my window.

11)   Virtue: a particular quality that is morally good; a good moral quality in a person, or the general quality of goodness in people: (opposite: flaw / vice)

- Patience is a virtue. – Determination is one of my virtues.

12)           Will: (noun) – mental power: determination to do something, despite any difficulties or opposition:

- After six months in hospital, the diabetic lady began to lose the will to live.

b)what someone wants to happen:

- It was God's will. / - Against her will (= Although she did not want to), the girl was forced to get married.

- I hate people who want to impose their will on me. ( Check: willpower)

13)   To dare (dared/dared): to have the courage needed to do something

- Everyone in the office complains that Peter smells awful, but nobody dares (to) mention it to him.

- I dare not (daren't)/don't dare think how much the trip is going to cost.

14)  Plenty: - as much or as many as you need; more than enough

- There’s plenty for the kids to do at the club.  /  - There was plenty food for everyone at the party.

 Sentences to help you with the vocabulary of the text. If you have any doubs, talk to me:

To prevail: 1 to be common among a group of people or area at a particular time or to predominate or to remain in general use or effect:

 Fear prevails in New York despite a massive security presence.

SCORN (Pay attention: this one is the noun, not the verb!)  very great lack of respect for someone or something

that you think is stupid or worthless; Lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike:

e.g. Kate has nothing but scorn for the new generation of politicians.
Why do you always pour scorn on (= criticize severely and unfairly) my suggestions?

I pour scorn on those who say that Lula was innocent in all those political scandals.

People who pour scorn on the Brazilian soccer team should take note that the best player in the world is Brazilian.

To scorn verb 1 to show scorn for someone or something:
Does Lula respect the press and media, or does he secretly scorn them?
"You scorned all my suggestions!"

George Bush scorns everyone and everything he disagrees with.

2.To reject something, such as advice, suggestions, plans, etc with contempt (contempt is a strong feeling of combined dislike and lack of respect) 

"The professor scorns the students who don't catch on immediately".

The order may be inverted. The first posts were published below:

overwhelming adjective1 difficult to fight against / so strong that it is irresistible:
Carol felt an overwhelming urge/desire/need to tell someone about what had happened. / to shoot him.
Andréa ate 3 boxes of chocolate led by an overwhelming temptation. / Lula received an overwhelming support from the population.

Luke felt an overwhelming sense of pain when he learned the news.

I felt an overwhelming sense of relief when the semester was over.

The child's mother was an overwhelming loss.

The task of teaching English is sometimes overwhelming.

2. extreme, great, large (an overwhelming majority/support.rejection/evidence.... )

Beer is an overwhelming favorite and great thirst quencher in Australia.

Alcides Rodrigues was elected by an overwhelming majority.

The Muslim holy month of Ramadan was marked by peaceful prayer and overwhelming participation.

"The scientific evidence is now overwhelming: Climate change is a serious global threat, and it demands an urgent global response."

"Overwhelming evidence supports the belief that homosexuality is a sexual deviancy "

Compared to children born within marriage, children born outside of marriage are overwhelmingly (adverb) more likely to live in poverty, depend on welfare, and have behavior problems.

There is an overwhelming demand for ESL instruction in Brazil.

overwhelm verb 1 [T] to defeat someone or something by using a lot of force:
Government troops have overwhelmed the rebels and seized control of the capital.

Fear doesn't overwhelm you; you let fear overwhelm you.
2 [T usually passive] to cause someone to feel sudden strong emotion:
They were overwhelmed with/by grief when their baby died. / I was quite overwhelmed by all the flowers and letters of support I received.

"The family of the hairdresser who was stabbed to death in Newcastle city  said that they have been overwhelmed by messages of support. "

Andréa Parrode's students were overwhelmed by her kindness and generosity. or: Her students were overwhelmed by her willingness n helping them to make sentences for the text.

The teacher was overwhelmed by the rude words the student said to her.

Lula was overwhelmed with guilt. / Joy overwhelmed Liza when she realized that she had won a million dollars.

George Bush was overwhelmed by feelings of remorse for what he had done.

 Escrito por by Andréa Parrode às 19:26
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EXERCISE ABOUT FEW / LITTLE:  key

1) a little / a few ;     2) a little / a few;      3) little / FEW ;            4) a little / few ;           5) a little / a few;

6) few / little ;           7) Few / a little;         8) a little / a few;        9) few / little ;              10) a little / a few;

11) few/ little;         12) few / little;           13) a little / few;          14) a little / a few;       15) a little / a few

16) Few / little;      17) a little / few;        18) a little  / a few;      19) a little/ a few;         20) Few; a little

  If anyone has questions, please, send me an e-mail ( apparrode@uol.com.br ) because my Orkut and msn

are blocked at work during the afternoon! (The state doesn't permit us to use them during work time!)

GOOD LUCK AND STUDY HARD!

INSTRUCTIONS:

Hard-working students, please, print the post about few and little, and also the vocabulary of Lesson 6. Study the words and try to make your own sentences. Instead of cutting and sticking the paper, you have TO COPY THE WORDS AGAIN, and leave space in each one for another example!

Jokes

* Page 49:

1) Kitty: (noun) (informal) a domestic cat or kitten

eg: My kitty loves playing with yarn.

2) Tail: (noun) the long, narrow part that sticks out at the back of an animal's body

eg: My dog wags its tail excitedly whenever I play with it.

3) To yell: (verb) to shout something or make a loud noise, usually when you are angry, in pain or excited

eg: My neighbours were yelling obscenities at  each other this morning.

Riddles

* Page 49:

9) Gossip : noun conversation or reports about other people's private lives which might be unkind, disapproving or not true: (Verb: To gossip)

eg: Famous people are targets for lots of gossip   /  Some people buy the paper only to read the gossip column.  /  Renata  always buys “Caras” so as to be filled in on the latest gossip.

10) Jeweler: a person who sells and sometimes repairs jewellery and watches

11) Jailer: someone who guards prisoners and watches the cells

* Page 50:

12) To stand up for (somebody or something): to defend or support a particular idea or a person who is being criticized or attacked

eg: You must stand up for yourself if you want people to respect you.

Lula has promised to stand up for Brazilian interests abroad.

Quantifiers - Some rules of thumb on the use of little, a little, few and a few.

LITTLE : only used with UNCOUNTABLE nouns, synonym for hardly any, not much. It gives a negative idea of not enough.

e.g. Look at the sky, there is little hope for bright and sunny weather tomorrow.

A LITTLE:only used with UNCOUNTABLE nouns, synonym for some. It gives a positive idea of enough.

e.g. Is there ? The weather forecast says there is still a little hope.

FEW: with COUNTABLE nouns, synonym for hardly any, not many. It gives a negative idea of not enough.

e.g. Few people attended the meeting. I counted only 4.

A FEW: with COUNTABLE nouns; it means some. It gives a positive idea of enough.

e.g. A few people asked me how I felt. That was nice.

NOTE: When you use the word "only" with a few and a little, in this case, you are giving a negative idea:

e.g: I have ONLY a few friends (same idea as few, but i's more emphatic!)

I have ONLY a little money.

1. Quantifiers - Few / Little / A Few / A Little
THese quantifiers are used to show a small quantity of something, for example "I have a few books" means I have a small quantity of books.

A Few
A few is used with countable nouns to show a small quantity. It is used in affirmative statements, but not negatives. We generally use any or questions. For example:
- I have a few books.
- I don't have a few books
This is incorrect.
- I don't have any books
This is correct.
- Do you have a few books?
Sometimes this is possibe, but generally speaking we use any for questions, for example "Do you have any books?"

Few
There is an important difference between a few and few. Few without a is used to mean we don't have enough of something. For example:
- She has few apples in the refrigerator. (She doesn't have enough apples).
- She has a few apples in the refrigerator. (She has a small quantity of apples)

A Little
A little is used with uncountable nouns to show a small quantity. Again, it is generally used in affirmative statements, not negatives or questions. For example:
- I have a little orange juice.
Negatives and Questions use "any" as usual.
- I don't have a little orange juice.
This is incorrect.
- I don't have any orange juice.
This is correct
- Do you have a little orange juice?
Again, we generally use any for questions, for example "Do you have any orange juice?"

Little
As with few, there is also the same difference between a little and little. Little without a is used to mean we don't have enough of something. For example:
- She has little for breakfast. (She doesn't eat enough for breakfast).
- She has a little for breakfast. (She has a small quantity of food for breakfast).

DEAR AND CUTE COUCH POTATOES, (YES...YOU Ana Paulas, Bruna, Carol, Daniel, Isadora, Luma, Bárbara, Tayrine, Sílvia, Arthur, Maria Fernanda, Isabela!!)

DON'T BE LAZY and read something useful below. The topic about Doctor Zerbini is below and PLEASE, leave a message saying that you have read it!

Love each one of you, even the lazy ones!

 StudyTime:

    Doctor Zerbini is the surgeon who performed the first heart transplant in Brazil:

Doctor Zerbini, whose full name was Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, was the son of an Italian immigrant. He was born on 10 May 1912, Guaratinguetá in São Paulo and died on 23 October 1993. He studied medicine at the Medical School of the University of São Paulo, in São Paulo city, graduating on 1935. He specialized in thoracic surgery in the Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo. He was the first Brazilian medical doctor to perform a heart transplant in Latin America.

Zerbini developed his own approach to heart transplantation, and performed the first one, on May 26th 1968, just five months after the South African surgeon Christiaan Barnard (1922-2001). Unfortunately, the patient survived for 28 days only, but Zerbini persevered with three additional operations until the technique was perfected. All except one died in a short time, due to transplant rejection problems and Zerbini had to interrupt the operations. In 1985, Dr. Zerbini once again pioneered in the field, by performing the first heart transplantation in a patient with Chagas disease. Today, after the rejection problem was solved, it is a common operation in Brazil, performed on thousands of patients every year.

In 1975, this brilliant man accomplished his lifelong dream and opened INCOR, in São Paulo, which is still a highly regarded institute concerned with the treatment of heart diseases.  He is internationally known for performing the first heart transplantation in Latin America (and the third in the world), and for creating the famous and respected clinical and research center Instituto do Coração da Universidade de São Paulo (Heart Institute of the University of São Paulo), in São Paulo, Brazil.

During his 58 years of professional career, Dr. Zerbini received 125 honour awards, prizes and titles. He participated in 314 medical and scientific conferences, published more than 450 papers, and performed more than 40,000 operations. He worked indefatigably until a few months before his death, by cancer.

His legacy was preserved by a non-profit medical institution affiliated to the Heart Institute, the Zerbini Foundation. There is also a medical award bearing his name, instituted by the Foundation. He left many disciples, many of whom count among the best and most influential cardiac surgeons in Brazil, such as former Brazilian Minister of Health Dr. Adib Domingos Jatene, who succeeded Dr. Zerbini as the Heart Institute's general director.

Links (ENGLISH) : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euryclides_de_Jesus_Zerbini

http://www.zerbini.org.br/hpfz1.htm 

http://www.tvcultura.com.br/aloescola/historia/cenasdoseculo/nacionais/drzerbini.htm

Pay attention to the order. The first words shown are the last ones posted. Check all of them:

Drive: (Choose definition A, which is more useful)

overwhelm verb 1 [T] to defeat someone or something by using a lot of force:
Government troops have overwhelmed the rebels and seized control of the capital.

Fear doesn't overwhelm you; you let fear overwhelm you.
2 [T usually passive] to cause someone to feel sudden strong emotion:
They were overwhelmed with/by grief when their baby died. / I was quite overwhelmed by all the flowers and letters of support I received.

"The family of the hairdresser who was stabbed to death in Newcastle city  said that they have been overwhelmed by messages of support. "

Andréa Parrode's students were overwhelmed by her kindness and generosity. or: Her students were overwhelmed by her willingness n helping them to make sentences for the text.

The teacher was overwhelmed by the rude words the student said to her.

Lula was overwhelmed with guilt. / Joy overwhelmed Liza when she realized that she had won a million dollars.

George Bush was overwhelmed by feelings of remorse for what he had done.

 Escrito por by Andréa Parrode às 18:01
[   ] [ envie esta mensagem ]

 Sentences to help you with the vocabulary of the text. If you have any doubs, talk to me:

To prevail: 1 to be common among a group of people or area at a particular time or to predominate or to remain in general use or effect:

 Fear prevails in New York despite a massive security presence.

To bet  verb betting, bet, bet : 1 [I or T] to risk money on the result of an event or a competition, such as a horse race, in the hope of winning more money:
He regularly goes to the races and bets heavily.
She bet £500 000 on the horse which came in second.
[+ two objects + (that)] I bet you $25 that I'll get there before you.

2 [T] INFORMAL If you say you bet (someone) that something is true or will happen, you mean you are certain that it is true or will happen:
[+ (that)] I bet you (that) she's missed the bus.
I bet (that) he won't come.

Lyrics

You must of bet, I'm in here to stay (Get Ready For This; performing artist: 2 Unlimited) I bet she never had a back street guy (Uptown Girl; performing artist: Billy Joel)